Cole Rosengren

The former Fresh Kills landfill, soon to be Freshkills Park, seen earlier this year.

If not for the occasional metal pipe sticking out of the ground—and methane-capture facilities off in the distance—Freshkills Park could almost pass for the natural habitat it used to be. Geese strut around acres of rolling hills and a clear blue sky is interrupted only by power lines. Empty roads stretch for miles, with just the faintest sound of expressway traffic to interrupt the otherwise peaceful experience of spending time in what used to be the biggest landfill in the world.

“It was like the standard garbage smell on steroids,” recalls Staten Island Borough President James Oddo, of what it was like to be near Fresh Kills when it was open and operating. “You didn’t need a boiling hot and hazy day in August. You got a good sunny day at another part of the calendar year and you would smell it.”

Almost 15 years after New York stopped burying its garbage here, the city is still paying for the consequences of shuttering Fresh Kills without a viable alternative disposal plan. Yet if the Fresh Kills landfill can be turned into the bucolic Freshkills Park then maybe anything is possible—even Mayor de Blasio’s ambitious new goal of “zero waste.”

Adi Talwar

NEW YORK’S TRASH CHALLENGE:
This sidebar is part of a series about the challenge New York City faces in reducing the environmental and economic costs of its municipal waste. Click here to read more.

“The only way that we can do it in a city that is totally dependent on waste export is to somehow get control of the spigot—in this case our waste export infrastructure—and slowly turn it off,” says Eddie Bautista, executive director of the New York City Environmental Justice Alliance.

Bautista believes that the goal may take decades to reach, but it’s not impossible.

“Now that he’s put the numbers out there, it’s on us to force the question,” he says.

Less stuff = less garbage

Putting systems in place to handle the shift in New York’s waste stream will require serious government intervention, behavioral change and re-evaluation of what we consider to be garbage.

According to the city’s OneNYC report, the average New Yorker generates 15 pounds of waste at home and nine pounds at work or elsewhere on a weekly basis. Recycling as much of this as possible will be crucial, but the most important step will be reducing the amount of waste generated in the first place. One solution in the city’s report is to establish a “save-as-you-throw” program that puts a direct price on the waste people produce.

“The key is that there is some price incentive to put out less garbage,” says Tammy Gamerman, a senior research associate with the Citizen’s Budget Commission.

She recently wrote a report on how such a program might work. Potential details vary, but essentially residents would be charged for their waste similar to a utility like gas or water. Non-recyclable waste would cost people money to set out. Recyclable waste would be cheaper, if not free. According to the report, New York is one of the only major cities in the country to pay for garbage collection entirely out of its general fund and similar programs have actually saved residents money elsewhere.

“The whole purpose of that is not to actually increase people’s taxes, which is the first myth. So if it’s designed well you’re giving people a way to save money,” says Gamerman.

Council Member Antonio Reynoso is an ongoing supporter of the plan and says it will play a big part in reaching the mayor’s waste reduction goals.

“It’s gonna help the city of New York get to 90 percent, because folks are gonna be very conscious,” he says. “If it hits their pockets, that’s when everything changes.”

Monetary incentives have been successful in other cities, but New Yorkers must also reevaluate the items they buy in the first place. Jacquie Ottman, a sustainability consultant who runs WeHatetoWaste.com, says that people have gotten used to having too much stuff.

In addition to basic recycling practices, she recommends sharing items among neighbors as much as possible. For example, the average person uses their vacuum at most once per week and then puts it back in a closet. Ottman says that in apartment buildings each floor could share appliances by establishing storage space in building trash rooms.

”If we didn’t create trash we could turn that closet into fondue pots and vacuums and irons and ironing boards,” says Ottman. “One day we will wake up and figure this out. We haven’t yet.”

A burning question

Even in a scenario where New Yorkers reuse more items and waste can be reduced by 90 percent, there will always be some non-recyclable materials left. The city’s plan makes no reference to ceasing use of waste-to-energy facilities—such as the Covanta plants—a technology that concerns some environmental advocates.

Eric Goldstein, senior attorney at the National Resource Defense Council, says he doesn’t support the technology—though he didn’t interpret the OneNYC plan to mean a switch to incineration.

“That was last century’s response to waste handling,” says Goldstein, “The 21st Century approach of municipal waste handling recognizes that the things we discard, most of them have value. It’s a lot easier to turn an old piece of paper into a new piece of paper than to turn a tree into a new piece of paper.”

Despite highly contentious efforts to open new incinerators within the city—most notably the Brooklyn Navy Yard in the early ‘90s and a failed 2013 plan by Mayor Bloomberg which suggested putting one in Freshkills Park—the technology is still commonly used nearby.

The closest incinerator that receives New York’s garbage is across the Hudson River in Newark, where local residents have been fighting it for years. They recently settled a lawsuit requiring Covanta to install a more advanced filter on the plant, but hope to ultimately eliminate the need for it altogether.

“The more trash we can get out of the New York City export system, the more we can starve these incinerators,” says Ana Baptista, a local activist and assistant professor at the New School. “Incinerators are not effective ways to get rid of garbage if you don’t have a lot of garbage.”

Ted Michaels, president of a waste-to-energy trade organization called the Energy Recovery Council, says that if people want to stop using landfills then another solution is needed. Even if non-recyclable refuse was drastically reduced, sorting facilities still end up with materials that can’t be recycled and will need to go somewhere.

“In a society in which everyone ‘recycles’ everything, because they put it in the recycling bin, there will still be material that has to be managed,” he says. “If it can’t be turned into a new product, and it’s going to a landfill, then you want to recover energy from that material and redirect that back into the economy.”

Michaels says that modern waste-to-energy facilities are unfairly scorned because they are associated with toxic incinerators of decades past. He says the industry has shifted over time to comply with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, which imposed much tighter pollution controls.

According to the EPA, total emissions of hazardous air pollutants have dropped more than 94 percent since then from nearly 58,000 tons in 1990 to 3,300 tons in 2005. One of the most commonly feared pollutants are dioxins, a group of chemical compounds that are produced by the combustion of chlorinated waste, which have been reduced by more than 90 percent since 1987 to very low levels. Environmental advocates say these levels still aren’t low enough and continually fight to get more advanced standards in place.

The Department of Sanitation (DSNY) signed a 20-year contract with Covanta to process waste from the North Shore and East 91st Street marine transfer stations, so regardless of the health debate the city will be supporting this technology for the foreseeable future. Waste will primarily be going to the Covanta facilities in upstate New York and Chester, Pennsylvania. The Covanta facility in Newark, which currently accepts waste from Manhattan via truck, requires the city to supply at least 10,000 tons of waste per week.

Dr. Maggie Clarke, a member of the Manhattan Solid Waste Advisory Board, says this type of deal conflicts with the city’s stated goal of “zero waste.”

“That kills zero waste,” she says. “They’re competing for exactly the same stuff and they’re competing for the same money.”

Another question is what happens to the leftover ash after combustion. This process reduces waste by an average of 75 percent, leaving behind residue which is currently being used to cover landfills or buried in a separate landfill itself. Pasco County, Florida recently started using the material to build new roads and other uses are being explored.

What this means for the city’s plans to send zero waste to landfills by 2030 is unclear. DSNY did not respond to requests for clarification.

A new way to deal with waste?

With construction of the Solid Waste Management Plan’s transfer stations still ongoing, and processing capacity for organics and other material a looming issue, the city may have a hard time reaching the goals in OneNYC. If the marine transfer stations are finally completed, only to be obsolete in 2030 when refuse generation will potentially be reduced by significant levels, the city will have to start all over with a new plan and new facilities.

Norman Steisel, former DSNY commissioner and deputy mayor, says long-term planning is sorely needed. Echoing a classic statement from years past, Steisel cautions against inaction.

“Somebody needs to be looking at the future—20, 30, 50 years,” he says. “Waste will win in the end. It will just go somewhere and have an extraordinary price to have it taken care of.”

As advocates, legislators and city officials hash out the details, some people in the waste management field are already looking into the future.

Benjamin Miller and his partners at the infrastructure planning firm Closed Loops have been researching the possibility of pneumatic tubes for trash collection. Roosevelt Island was built with a similar system for trash collection due to its narrow streets and there is a possibility that Hudson Yards could be too.

“It may sound like the Jetsons. It may sound like expensive stuff,” says Miller. “Once you’ve tried sewers, imagine going backward.”

Miller believes this could even change the way our city streets look.

“New Yorkers are used to having garbage bags on the street and walking around them and walking around overflowing trash cans,” he says. “The rest of the world isn’t. There really are better solutions.”

Kendall Christiansen, a consultant from Gaia Strategies and former chair of the Citywide Recycling Advisory Board, has long advocated for the increased use of in-sink food disposals similar to programs other cities. A very large portion of food waste is water, which adds to the weight carried by collection trucks, and could potentially go back into the wastewater treatment system instead. Christiansen says the city’s sewage system has enough capacity to handle more organic material.

“If I consumed all the food that I bought where would all of it be anyway?” he asks rhetorically. “If you really want to get material diverted then make it as convenient as you possibly can.”

Accurate figures on the amount of apartments with in-sink disposals, and how much material is already being diverted through them, are hard to calculate. Many newly constructed buildings now include in-sink disposals and NYCHA offers them to tenants during kitchen renovations.

Christiansen also points to a company called Agilyx, which has developed a technology to convert plastics back into crude oil, as a promising solution to un-recyclable waste.

“That has the potential for being a salvation to all the plastics that are in the waste stream that are not easily marketable now,” he says.

Another promising technology is what’s being called “mixed waste material recovery facilities.” These facilities can sort commingled trash—metal, glass, plastic, paper, organics and other refuse—into marketable streams. Anaerobic digesters are often attached to these facilities to process organics directly. While contamination increases slightly, the capture rates goes up significantly. According to a January article in the magazine “Resource Recycling” there are more than 50 of these facilities already operating in the United States, with the majority in California.

A ride through Fresh Kills

Cole Rosengren

Fresh Kills will open to the public at some point as a park. But waste buried deep in the round will continue decomposing for decades.

Whatever the method, it’s clear that our garbage has much more potential than society has long given it credit for. Now that Mayor de Blasio has set these goals it’s time to keep the conversation fresh.

“I join with the chorus of lots of folks who say milestones and specifics need to be offered up sooner rather than later,” says Borough President Oddo, “but I’m on board for taking care of this one sweet world that we have.”

For Staten Islanders, this shift toward a greener future will eventually mean a 2,200-acre park—almost three times the size of Central Park—on top of the former Fresh Kills landfill by 2036. Small areas of the park are open to the public now, but DSNY is still working to close certain portions of the site, and additional funding is needed to complete the full transformation that has been envisioned.

According to a chart in the temporary trailer that currently serves as the park’s visitor center, New York’s waste will live on underneath the ground long after everyone reading this story has permanently ceased contributing to the waste stream. It’s unknown how long it would take for a glass or plastic bottle to decompose when exposed to air, something in short supply within a dense landfill. The time estimated for a plastic cup to decompose is 250 years.

In some ways, the reality that Fresh Kills will still be processing garbage deep underground for centuries is part of the value of the site. It will never just be another green space, even if it can be enjoyed as such. It will be a reminder of the way we used to handle the things we don’t want anymore. Says Oddo, “At some point, there will be an island full of residents that won’t have been around when it was open and it will be just a bad memory of what not to do.”

With research assistance by Liridona Duraku.